The European Commission has placed ChatGPT, Reddit, and Roblox under direct supervision under the Digital Services Act (DSA), effective August 31. Each platform must assess and mitigate the risks created by their systems within four months of notification, with violations potentially resulting in fines of up to 6% of global annual turnover.
All three services exceeded the 45 million average monthly European Union user threshold required for designation. ChatGPT recorded 159.1 million average monthly EU users and was classified as a Very Large Online Search Engine (VLOSE) due to its hybrid functionality that retrieves information from the web. Reddit and Roblox were designated as Very Large Online Platforms (VLOPs), with 57.2 million and 46.6 million average monthly EU users respectively.
Compliance Requirements
Under the DSA framework, the three companies must complete risk assessments by January 2027 and introduce measures to address identified concerns. Risk categories include illegal content, harm to minors, electoral processes, public security, mental and physical health, and fundamental rights violations.
Oversight is shared between the European Commission and national regulators. Ireland's Coimisiún na Meán is paired with ChatGPT and Reddit, while the Netherlands' Authority for Consumers and Markets oversees Roblox alongside the Commission.
Enforcement and Precedent
The DSA enforcement framework has already produced significant penalties. The Commission fined X €120 million in December 2025 for transparency violations, and Aliexpress €550 million in July 2026 for failures to assess and mitigate risks involving illegal and counterfeit products.
Beyond financial penalties, the Commission can impose periodic fines of up to 5% of average daily worldwide turnover for each day of non-compliance. Regulators may also demand access to data and algorithms, conduct interviews, and inspect premises. In severe cases, temporary service restrictions are possible when persistent infringements cause serious harm.
Broader Regulatory Context
The Commission's supervised platform list now includes 28 services, up from 19 when the DSA regime began in April 2023. Separately, the Commission is reviewing the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA), examining whether the rulebook remains appropriate for stablecoins, decentralized finance, and staking arrangements.
